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<\/p>\nMe kushtetut\u00ebn e saj t\u00eb dyt\u00eb federale t\u00eb vitit 1874, Zvicra u katapultua papritur n\u00eb ball\u00eb t\u00eb zhvillimit t\u00eb demokracis\u00eb n\u00eb mbar\u00eb bot\u00ebn. Asnj\u00eb kanton nuk kishte votuar aq fuqish\u00ebm n\u00eb favor t\u00eb ndryshimeve radikale sa Schaffhausen.<\/p>\n
Miratimi i kushtetut\u00ebs s\u00eb re federale sh\u00ebnoi nj\u00eb moment historik n\u00eb historin\u00eb zvicerane. Ai solli disa p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsime t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme, duke plot\u00ebsuar pothuajse gjith\u00e7ka q\u00eb i mungonte kushtetut\u00ebs origjinale.<\/p>\n
Shum\u00eb nga k\u00ebto p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsime nuk do t\u00eb kishin ndodhur pa at\u00eb q\u00eb u b\u00eb e njohur si L\u00ebvizja Demokratike. Kjo l\u00ebvizje kishte lindur n\u00eb disa pjes\u00eb t\u00eb Zvicr\u00ebs si p\u00ebrgjigje ndaj vendimeve t\u00eb diskutueshme t\u00eb marra nga parlamentet kantonale, t\u00eb tilla si Vendi i Bazelit dhe Qyteti i Bazelit q\u00eb l\u00ebvizin drejt ribashkimit dhe nd\u00ebrtimit t\u00eb hekurudhave p\u00ebrmes tok\u00ebs bujq\u00ebsore n\u00eb Bern\u00eb, shkruan swiss p\u00ebrcjell\u00eb Albora.ch.<\/p>\n
Efektet e industrializimit
\nMarrja e tok\u00ebs bujq\u00ebsore p\u00ebr t\u2019i hapur rrug\u00eb nj\u00eb treni me avull ishte tipike p\u00ebr vendimet e asaj epoke. Industrializimi, i cili po ndryshonte Zvicr\u00ebn me nj\u00eb rit\u00ebm t\u00eb ethsh\u00ebm, nuk i p\u00ebrshtatej t\u00eb gjith\u00ebve. Shum\u00eb mendonin se p\u00ebrparimi po i kalonte n\u00eb k\u00ebmb\u00eb.<\/p>\n
N\u00eb vitet 1860 u shfaq nj\u00eb koalicion me baz\u00eb t\u00eb gjer\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb kund\u00ebrshtuar liberal\u00ebt, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt p\u00ebrb\u00ebnin partin\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe politike t\u00eb vendit, formuan qeverin\u00eb dhe u pan\u00eb si krahu politik i revolucionit ekonomik. Liberalizmi n\u00eb Zvic\u00ebr p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsonte gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb shum\u00eb interesat e kapitalizmit dhe elit\u00ebs s\u00eb pasur.<\/p>\n
Kjo shkaktoi nj\u00eb reagim n\u00eb mesin e shtresave t\u00eb ul\u00ebta dhe t\u00eb mesme \u2013 njer\u00ebz q\u00eb mbanin pun\u00eb si m\u00ebsues dhe n\u00ebpun\u00ebs. Ata filluan t\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb fushat\u00eb p\u00ebr reformat shtet\u00ebrore n\u00eb gazetat lokale, t\u00eb cilat dashamir\u00ebs ishin p\u00ebr kauz\u00ebn e tyre.<\/p>\n
Historiani i Cyrihut Rolf Graber shkruan se njer\u00ebzit k\u00ebrkonin t\u00eb drejta sepse donin t\u00eb shihnin nj\u00eb form\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb tolerueshme t\u00eb modernizimit n\u00eb epok\u00ebn e industrializimit.
\nNj\u00eb ide q\u00eb bashkoi k\u00ebt\u00eb l\u00ebvizje t\u00eb lidhur lirsh\u00ebm ishte besimi i tyre n\u00eb parimin \u201cnj\u00eb njeri, nj\u00eb vot\u00eb\u201d.<\/p>\n
K\u00ebta aktivist\u00eb argumentuan se qytetar\u00ebt meshkuj t\u00eb rritur t\u00eb vendit ishin plot\u00ebsisht t\u00eb aft\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb vler\u00ebsuar vendimet politike dhe avantazhet dhe disavantazhet q\u00eb ato ofronin. N\u00ebse nj\u00eb vendim parlamentar nuk ishte n\u00eb interes t\u00eb publikut t\u00eb gjer\u00eb, at\u00ebher\u00eb populli duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb v\u00ebr\u00eb veton ndaj tij, pa qen\u00eb nevoja t\u00eb th\u00ebrras\u00eb zgjedhje t\u00eb reja t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithshme.<\/p>\n
Origjina e sovranitetit popullor
\nK\u00ebshtu ndodhi q\u00eb, 25 vjet pas themelimit t\u00eb republik\u00ebs federale, u shkrua nj\u00eb kushtetut\u00eb e re federale q\u00eb p\u00ebrfshinte t\u00eb drejta t\u00eb patjet\u00ebrsueshme si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb e drejta p\u00ebr nj\u00eb referendum mbi legjislacionin. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb, pakica n\u00eb parlament mund t\u00eb k\u00ebrkoj\u00eb q\u00eb votuesit t\u00eb marrin vendimin p\u00ebrfundimtar, detyrues p\u00ebr nj\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje.<\/p>\n
Kjo e drejt\u00eb e vetos nuk ishte asgj\u00eb m\u00eb pak se futja e sovranitetit popullor.
\nKushtetuta e 1874 forcoi gjithashtu shtetin e ri federal. Nj\u00eb gjykat\u00eb federale u krijua p\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar q\u00eb kantonet t\u00eb zbatojn\u00eb ligjet n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb q\u00ebndrueshme. Hebrenjve iu dha liria e plot\u00eb e fes\u00eb, di\u00e7ka q\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb u ishte mohuar.<\/p>\n
Votuesit meshkuj q\u00eb u shp\u00ebrngul\u00ebn n\u00eb nj\u00eb kanton tjet\u00ebr mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrfitojn\u00eb t\u00eb drejtat e tyre t\u00eb plota politike n\u00eb vendbanimin e tyre t\u00eb ri pas nj\u00eb periudhe pritjeje. Kishte garanci m\u00eb t\u00eb forta p\u00ebr disa t\u00eb drejta themelore, si e drejta p\u00ebr t\u2019u martuar. Dhe d\u00ebnimi me vdekje u hoq \u2013 t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Ndarja midis kantoneve
\nShkalla m\u00eb e lart\u00eb e miratimit p\u00ebr kushtetut\u00ebn e re \u2013 me 97% befasuese \u2013 erdhi nga votuesit n\u00eb Schaffhausen, nj\u00eb kanton i vog\u00ebl n\u00eb veri-lindje t\u00eb vendit me nj\u00eb popullsi mjaft homogjene, ashtu si\u00e7 e kishte imagjinuar Jean-Jacques Rousseau nj\u00eb shekull m\u00eb par\u00eb. si baz\u00eb p\u00ebr sovranitetin popullor.<\/p>\n
Por votuesit n\u00eb kantonet e tjera t\u00eb vogla u ndjen\u00eb ndryshe: 92% e burrave n\u00eb Uri dhe 86% e burrave n\u00eb Appenzell Inner Rhodes e hodh\u00ebn posht\u00eb tekstin e ri.
\nDy ekstremet ishin \u00e7\u00ebshtje feje si \u00e7do gj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr. Ana \u201cpo\u201d ishte m\u00eb e forta n\u00eb kantonet e vogla protestante, nd\u00ebrsa kampi \u201cjo\u201d mbizot\u00ebronte n\u00eb kantonet katolike.<\/p>\n
U desh\u00ebn dy p\u00ebrpjekje p\u00ebr t\u00eb arritur kushtetut\u00ebn e ndryshuar me kujdes. Dy vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb, votuesit kishin refuzuar tashm\u00eb nj\u00eb projekt-rishikim. Vota popullore u nda goxha n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb barabart\u00eb, por ishte k\u00ebrkesa p\u00ebr shumic\u00ebn e kantoneve q\u00eb fundosi p\u00ebrpjekjet.
\nOpozita me baz\u00eb t\u00eb gjer\u00eb e kishte siguruar k\u00ebt\u00eb rezultat. Si dhe blloku katolik-konservator, pjes\u00ebt fr\u00ebngjisht-fol\u00ebse t\u00eb vendit dol\u00ebn kund\u00ebr kushtetut\u00ebs s\u00eb re n\u00eb 1872.<\/p>\n
Ecim drejt demokracis\u00eb me t\u00eb drejtat e njer\u00ebzve
\nRezultati i votimit t\u00eb vitit 1874 n\u00eb Schaffhausen tregoi shkall\u00ebn n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn L\u00ebvizja Demokratike kishte ndikuar n\u00eb mendimin politik n\u00eb kantonet protestante. Ndryshe nga Winterthur-i fqinj n\u00eb kantonin e Cyrihut, atje nuk kishte kund\u00ebrshtim t\u00eb fort\u00eb ndaj kapitalizmit. Por idet\u00eb e paraqitura nga l\u00ebvizja ishin p\u00ebrhapur n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb Zvicr\u00ebn Lindore dhe votuesit kishin zgjedhur n\u00eb p\u00ebrputhje me rrethanat.<\/p>\n
Ndihmoi gjithashtu nj\u00eb kaskad\u00eb e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb e ndryshimeve kushtetuese n\u00eb kantone t\u00eb ndryshme. Nj\u00eb rast i till\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb rishikimi i vitit 1869 n\u00eb kantonin e Cyrihut p\u00ebr t\u00eb ofruar nj\u00eb baz\u00eb ligjore p\u00ebr sundimin e popullit. Duke p\u00ebrkrahur k\u00ebt\u00eb p\u00ebrpjekje, Partia Demokratike n\u00eb Winterthur doli si nj\u00eb kund\u00ebrpesh\u00eb ndaj Partis\u00eb Liberale n\u00eb Cyrih. Hapja e qytetar\u00ebve ndaj reformave ishte stimuluar edhe nga nj\u00eb epidemi kolere dimrin e kaluar.<\/p>\n
Nga \u2018rregullat e shumic\u00ebs\u2019 te demokracia me pazare
\nPasojat e kushtetut\u00ebs s\u00eb 1874 p\u00ebr politik\u00ebn federale ishin t\u00eb konsiderueshme. Deri at\u00ebher\u00eb, liberal\u00ebt kishin fituar \u00e7do zgjedhje p\u00ebr t\u00eb dy dhomat e parlamentit. Forma thjesht p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuese e demokracis\u00eb e vendit kishte favorizuar k\u00ebto rezultate, t\u00eb cilat nga ana e tyre kishin \u00e7uar n\u00eb nj\u00eb kultur\u00eb t\u00eb mosgatishm\u00ebris\u00eb p\u00ebr kompromis t\u00eb adoptuar nga bota anglishtfol\u00ebse.<\/p>\n
Dy modele demokracie
\nMekanizmi i referendumit i prezantuar nga kushtetuta e re e ndryshoi k\u00ebt\u00eb: tet\u00eb votat e para komb\u00ebtare t\u00eb mbajtura pas 1874 shkuan n\u00eb favor t\u00eb opozit\u00ebs.<\/p>\n
Kjo \u00e7oi n\u00eb nj\u00eb rimendim n\u00eb parlament dhe m\u00eb n\u00eb fund n\u00eb nj\u00eb kultur\u00eb t\u00eb re parlamentare. Qeveria dhe opozita e kan\u00eb zakon t\u00eb negociojn\u00eb. Q\u00ebllimi kryesor ishte shmangia e nj\u00eb referendumi ose \u2013 n\u00ebse do t\u00eb kishte \u2013 q\u00eb pala e dikujt t\u00eb ishte m\u00eb pak e hapur p\u00ebr t\u00eb sulmuar.<\/p>\n
Kushtetuta e vitit 1874 ishte k\u00ebshtu hapi i par\u00eb drejt demokracis\u00eb konsensus n\u00eb Zvic\u00ebr. Fillimi ishte kultura e pazareve q\u00eb p\u00ebrfshinte zyrtar\u00eb n\u00eb ministri dhe agjenci, dhe qeverit\u00eb gradualisht ndoq\u00ebn shembullin. N\u00eb vitin 1891 nj\u00eb konservator katolik u zgjodh p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00eb K\u00ebshillin Federal (ekzekutiv) prej shtat\u00eb an\u00ebtar\u00ebsh. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, u pranua nj\u00eb iniciativ\u00eb q\u00eb k\u00ebrkonte nj\u00eb rishikim t\u00eb pjessh\u00ebm t\u00eb kushtetut\u00ebs.<\/p>\n
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Institucione demokratike p\u00ebr qytetar\u00eb demokrat\u00eb
\nHistorian\u00ebt zviceran\u00eb t\u00eb demokracis\u00eb nga Andreas Gross te Jo Lang bien dakord mbi r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb e reform\u00ebs kushtetuese t\u00eb vitit 1874. Ai jo vet\u00ebm q\u00eb i dha shtetit federal nj\u00ebfar\u00eb stabiliteti, por, n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet t\u00eb drejtave t\u00eb njer\u00ebzve, siguroi gjithashtu ekuilib\u00ebr midis institucioneve demokratike dhe aspiratave demokratike t\u00eb qytetar\u00ebve.<\/p>\n
P\u00ebr gati dy dekada pas rishkrimit t\u00eb kushtetut\u00ebs, Zvicra ishte n\u00eb ball\u00eb t\u00eb evolucionit global t\u00eb demokracis\u00eb. M\u00eb pas, n\u00eb 1893, Zelanda e Re prezantoi nj\u00eb ligj zgjedhor q\u00eb p\u00ebrfshinte vot\u00ebn popullore dhe t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn e plot\u00eb t\u00eb vot\u00ebs p\u00ebr grat\u00eb e rritura si dhe p\u00ebr burrat. Zvicra mbeti pas si rezultat i t\u00eb drejt\u00ebs s\u00eb vot\u00ebs vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr meshkujt, e cila ende nuk ishte kontestuar.<\/p>\n
Nga fundi i shekullit, Zvicr\u00ebs iu desh t\u00eb hiqte dor\u00eb nga roli i saj udh\u00ebheq\u00ebs n\u00eb zhvillimin e demokracis\u00eb. Nj\u00eb preokupim i madh n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb ishte zgjerimi gradualisht i t\u00eb drejtave t\u00eb njer\u00ebzve p\u00ebr t\u00eb vepruar si nj\u00eb kontroll mbi parlamentin e vendit dhe qeverin\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Megjithat\u00eb, globalisht gj\u00ebrat po l\u00ebviznin n\u00eb nj\u00eb drejtim tjet\u00ebr. Me p\u00ebrfundimin e Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Par\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore, demokracit\u00eb parlamentare pa vend p\u00ebr referendume popullore u b\u00ebn\u00eb tendenca mbizot\u00ebruese.<\/p>\n
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\/albora<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Me kushtetut\u00ebn e saj t\u00eb dyt\u00eb federale t\u00eb vitit 1874, Zvicra u katapultua papritur n\u00eb<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":56917,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-56916","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-politics"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kercova.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/56916","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kercova.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kercova.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kercova.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kercova.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=56916"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/kercova.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/56916\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kercova.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/56917"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kercova.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=56916"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kercova.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=56916"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kercova.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=56916"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}